phosphoric acid gel  (Ultradent Products Inc)

Journal: Polymers

Article Title: Comparison of the Bond Strength to Titanium of Resin-Based Materials Fabricated by Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing Methods

doi: 10.3390/polym18010056

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan) images (original magnification ×3000) illustrating the surface morphology of resin-based CAD/CAM materials after different surface treatment protocols. Images correspond to Tetric CAD ( A – C ), Saremco Crowntec ( D – F ), Cerasmart ( G – I ), and VarseoSmile Crown Plus ( J – L ). For each material, panels show primer only (PO), primer combined with airborne-particle abrasion (PS), and primer combined with phosphoric acid etching (PA), respectively. White arrows indicate representative regions of moderate surface roughness in Saremco Crowntec (panel E ) and mild surface roughness in Tetric CAD (panel B ) following airborne-particle abrasion, as well as relatively smooth surface morphology observed in phosphoric acid–treated groups (panel I ). Red arrows highlight pronounced surface irregularities, particularly evident in VarseoSmile Crown Plus (panel K ) specimens after airborne-particle abrasion.

Article Snippet: After sandblasting, the surfaces were cleaned using oil-free air, and the same universal primer was applied for 60 s. PA group: Bonding surfaces were treated with 35–40% phosphoric acid gel (DeTrey Conditioner 36; Dentsply Sirona, USA) for 30 s, rinsed thoroughly with water, and dried with oil-free air.

Techniques: Electron Microscopy